2025-07-30
Abstract : This study examines a network of oscillators subjected to parameter mismatches with amplification. The network comprises a master layer and a response layer, the latter of which is derived from the master layer using the Open-Plus-Closed-Loop (OPCL) method. The primary goal is to investigate how the parameter mismatch and the amplification coefficient influence the dynamics of the system as a whole. Numerical analysis reveals the emergence of synchronization with amplification, both within individual layers and between layers. Additionally, synchronization occurs in the system through the formation of clusters. The analysis further shows that the synchronization between layers depends on specific values of the mismatch parameters, which also coincide with critical values for the stability of the oscillators. To generalize the findings, we extend the investigation to a network of 50 oscillators per layer, where the observed emergent behaviors remain consistent.